Benvenuto Cellini, eyewitness to the events, described the sack in his works. À sa tête, le duc de Bourbon menace la capitale religieuse du continent. Charles then began exerting more control over the Church and Italy. Those who went toward the Basilica were massacred, and only 42 survived. Der Sacco di Roma (italienisch sacco, veralteter Ausdruck für Plünderung) war die unter Karl V. stattgefundene Plünderung This done, Charles reformed the Church in his own image. Le Sac De Rome, 1527 pas cher : retrouvez tous les produits disponibles à l'achat dans notre catégorie Histoire, actualité, politique En utilisant Rakuten, vous acceptez l'utilisation des cookies permettant de vous proposer des contenus ⦠[10] Rome, which had been a center of Italian High Renaissance culture and patronage before the Sack, suffered depopulation and economic collapse, causing artists and thinkers to scatter. À la dévastation a ⦠After the execution of some 1,000 defenders of the papal capital and shrines, the pillage began. Recherche [modifier | modifier le code] (en) Judith Hook, The Sack of Rome : 1527, Palgrave MacMillan, 2004, 331 p. (ISBN 978-0-230-62877-9, lire en ligne) The death of the last respected commander of authority among the Imperial army caused any restraint in the soldiers to disappear, and they easily captured the walls of Rome the same day. [16] Clement, now making decisions under duress, rubber-stamped Charlesâ demands â among them naming cardinals nominated by the latter; crowning Charles Holy Roman Emperor at Bologna in 1530; and refusing to annul the marriage of Charles' beloved aunt, Catherine of Aragon, to King Henry VIII of England, prompting the English Reformation. Their cautious behaviour prevented them from obtaining an easy victory against the now totally undisciplined imperial troops. Charles advocated for calling a Church Council to settle the matter. The 34,000 Imperial troops mutinied and forced their commander, Charles III, Duke of Bourbon and Constable of France, to lead them towards Rome. Le sac de Rome (1527) : réflexions de Valdés Lactance, gentilhomme de la cour, rencontre à Valladolid lâarchidiacre du Viso quâil a connu autrefois à Rome et qui a fui la Ville Eternelle, indigné par ce quâil a vu et subi. The largely Protestant German Landsknechts, mutinying over unpaid wages as well as Spanish soldiers & Italian mercenaries, entered the city of Rome, defeated the vastly outnumbered defenders and looted the city. Le Sac de Rome: 1527: du premier maniérisme à la Contre-réforme. Le sac de Rome est un événement militaire qui s'est produit le 6 mai 1527. Colonna was touched by the pitiful conditions in the city and gave refuge to some Roman citizens in his palace. The Sack is thought to have been the occasion of the loss or destruction of, Dandeler, "Spanish Rome" New Haven: Yale University Press. II - L’assaut sur Rome et le sac de la ville. Celui-ci se réfugie dans le château Saint-Ange d’où il assiste, impuissant, au pillage de la ville. Un recensement effectué avant le sac dénombrait environ 55 000 habitants à Rome. Duke Charles needed to conquer the city swiftly, to avoid the risk of being trapped between the besieged city and the League's army. - [4 [12][13] Clement would continue artistic patronage and building projects in Rome, but a perceived Medicean golden age had passed. The army of the Holy Roman Emperor defeated the French army in Italy, but funds were not available to pay the soldiers. Après près d’un an de pillage, les dernières troupes impériales quittent Rome en février 1528. The Emperor, for his part, professed great embarrassment that his troops imprisoned the Pope; however, he'd sent armies to Italy with the goal of bringing the latter under his control. In the meantime, Clement remained a prisoner in Castel Sant'Angelo. Le sac de Rome a lieu du 24 au 27 août 410.Les Wisigoths conduits par Alaric I er prennent et pillent Rome, qui nâavait pas été prise depuis 390 av. Après en avoir pris connaissance, il met fin à la fête et se réfugie dans la prière. Le 6 mai 1527, le connétable Charles de Bourbon est tué au combat alors qu'il s'apprête à occuper Rome avec ses lansquenets allemands. sac de Rome. [2] Een ongedisciplineerd leger van 25.000 Duitse en Spaanse soldaten ging zich te buiten aan plundering, verwoesting, ontering, verkrachting en moord. Il profite de la faible défense de la ville pour l’attaquer sans en faire le siège ni artillerie le 6 mai 1527. [7] To avert more warfare, Clement adopted a conciliatory policy toward Charles. Clement opposed this, believing that monarchs shouldn't dictate Church policy; and also fearing a revival of conciliarism, which had exacerbated the Western Schism during the 14th-15th centuries, deposed numerous Popes, and had been condemned only recently at the Fifth Lateran Council in 1512. [23] [24] Clement advocated for fighting a Holy War to unite Christendom. After the Sack, Clement relented to Charles' wishes, agreeing to call a Church Council and naming the city of Trent, Italy as its site. Le sac de Rome n'étudie pas l'expédition guerrière du connétable de Bourbon qui a ravagé Rome, dernière manifestation des grandes razzias médiévales ; ce qui intéresse André Chastel, professeur d'histoire de l'art au Collège de France, décédé en 1990, ce sont les retentissements de l'événement et ses significations symboliques, le bouleversement des esprits et de ⦠[4] The Swiss fought bitterly, but were hopelessly outnumbered and almost annihilated. Le sac de Rome de 1527 Le sac de Rome de 1527 Lâesprit de Charles Quint, empereur du Saint Empire Romain Germanique et roi dâEspagne, est à la fête en cette fin mai 1527. [8][9], The Sack had major repercussions for Italian society and culture, and in particular, for Rome. Though Martin Luther himself was not in favor of attacking Rome or the Pope, some who considered themselves followers of Luther's Protestant movement viewed the papal capital as a target for religious reasons, and shared with the soldiers a desire for the sack and pillage of a city that appeared to be an easy target. Simon & Schuster. Je suis fier de vous présenter la première vidéo de la chaîne ! Paris: Gallimard, 1984. [25] However, by 1545, the moment for reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants â arguably a possibility during the 1520s, given cooperation between the Pope and Emperor â had passed. The Duke left Arezzo on 20 April 1527, taking advantage of the chaos among the Venetians and their allies after a revolt broke out in Florence against Pope Clement VII's family, the Medici. Les habitants sont volés puis égorgés et les églises sont dépouillées. Son premier fils et héritier, le futur Philippe II d’Espagne, vient de naitre. En effet, oubliant d’enterrer les cadavres, ils laissent la possibilité aux maladies de se développer. La durée du pillage peut s’expliquer par les multiples défauts de paye dont les lansquenets étaient victimes depuis plusieurs semaines avant le sac et surtout aussi la perte d’un haut commandement légitime. Si l’armée quitte Rome, c’est que la France est enfin rentrée dans le conflit en janvier 1528 et que son armée assiège Naples. Battaglie della guerra della Lega di Cognac Il sacco di Roma ebbe inizio il 6 maggio 1527 ad opera delle truppe imperiali di Carlo V d'Asburgo, composte da spagnoli e lanzichenecchi, cui si erano unite bande di italiani. The growing power of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V alarmed Pope Clement VII, who perceived Charles as attempting to dominate the Catholic Church and Italy. Media in category "Sack of Rome (1527)" The following 18 files are in this category, out of 18 total. In the event known as the Stand of the Swiss Guard, the Swiss, alongside the garrison's remnant, made their last stand in the Teutonic Cemetery within the Vatican. Dans son dernier billet, Roberto de Mattei nous alerte sur les événements actuels dans lâEglise et le monde, par le biais dâune parabole tirée de lâHistoire, le Sac de Rome par les troupes de Charles-Quint, en 1527. The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, on 6 May 1527 was carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac. This page was last edited on 19 February 2021, at 17:03. J.-C. Cet événement marquant est, selon certaines acceptions, la fin de lâAntiquité et un passage au Haut Moyen Âge Recherche (en) Judith Hook, The Sack of Rome: 1527, Palgrave MacMillan, 2004 (ISBN 9780230628779, lire en ligne) Augustin Redondo, Le Discours sur le At the same time Venice took advantage of this situation to capture Cervia and Ravenna, while Sigismondo Malatesta returned to Rimini. Voilà plus dâun mois quâil vit sur le pays, en cherchant à contenir cette troupe mécontente et privée de solde depuis un an. Clement's War of the League of Cognac would be the last fight for Italian independence and unity until the nineteenth century. Pour le sac de Rome et la prison du pape, voir livre 18, chapitres 8 à 14. The largely Protestant German Landsknechts, mutinying over unpaid wages, as well as Spanish soldiers and Italian mercenaries, entered the city of Rome, defeated the vastly outnumbered defenders, and looted the city. Il dispose de 12 à 15 000 lansquenets allemands, dont le commandant vient de tomber malade et dû être rapatrier en Allemagne où il mourra peu après, et environ 20 000 troupes hispano-impériales. Cette nouvelle qui le bouleverse à ce point, c’est le sac de Rome et du Vatican par ses troupes le 6 mai 1527. Arborio di Gattinara, Mercurino (Marchese) (1866). 353 lie (1); qu'Ugo de Moncada et Charles de Lannoy, enfin, n'agissaient pas à son insu. Ancien connétable du Royaume de France, il a juré allégeance à Charles Quint et est devenu lieutenant général de ses armées en Italie. Some survivors, accompanied by a band of refugees, fell back to the Basilica steps. [26], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}41°50â²N 12°30â²E / 41.833°N 12.500°E / 41.833; 12.500, 1527 Habsburg siege and subsequent sack of Papal Rome, The library was not, however, undamaged or unmolested. (Around 8,000 killed by plague and disease after siege), 45,000 civilians dead, wounded, or exiled (most were casualties of the disease and plague that crippled the city). In assessing the effects of the Sack of Rome, Martin Luther commented: "Christ reigns in such a way that the Emperor who persecutes Luther for the Pope is forced to destroy the Pope for Luther" (LW 49:169). La 6e guerre d’Italie se termine en janvier 1526 à la suite de la défaite à Pavie de François Ier (roi de France) contre Charles Quint (à droite) et la signature du traité de Madrid. Numerous bandits, along with the League's deserters, joined the army during its march. Il est l'Åuvre de troupes espagnoles, italiennes, ainsi que de lansquenets luthériens au service de l'empereur Charles Quint, commandées par Charles III de Bourbon. The imperial troops were 14,000 Germans, 6,000 Spanish, and an uncertain number of Italian infantry. This group of 42, under the command of Hercules Goldli, managed to stave off the Habsburg troops pursuing the Pope's entourage as it made its way across the Passetto di Borgo, which was a secret corridor that still connects the Vatican City to Castel Sant'Angelo.[4]. El saco de Roma ("saqueo de Roma"; adaptación al castellano de la voz italiana sacco di Roma) [6] tuvo lugar el 6 de mayo de 1527 por tropas alemanas y españolas y señaló una victoria imperial crucial en el conflicto entre Carlos V y la Liga de Cognac (1526-1529, la alianza del Papado, Francia, Milán, Venecia, y la Florencia firmada el 2 de mayo de 1526). Mais, voyant le Saint Empire prendre trop de pouvoir en Italie du Nord, le Pape Clément VII forme la Ligue de Cognac en mai 1526 avec la France (qui ne rejoindra vraiment la guerre qu’en janvier 1528), Milan, Florence et Gênes contre la puissance habsbourgeoise. C'est un épisode de ⦠The Sack also contributed to making permanent the split between Catholics and Protestants. [6], Before the Sack, Pope Clement VII opposed the ambitions of Emperor Charles V and the Spanish, whom he believed wished to dominate Italy and the Church. In 1527 these forces stormed the city of Rome and embarked on an orgy of destruction and massacre, terrorizing the population and humiliating Pope Clement VII. Le sac de Rome, construit par Charles V et produite à l'intérieur de la Guerre de la Ligue de Cognac (1526-1530), il est présenté comme un événement à sensation dans l'un des les conflits du XVIe siècle puis qui conduira à la division de l'Europe entre les Habsbourgs et de la France a culminé plus tard, en 1559, avec La paix de Cateau-Cambrésis. After Clement's death in 1534, under the influence of Charles and later his son King Phillip II of Spain (1556-1598), the Inquisition became pervasive, and the humanism encouraged by Renaissance culture came to be viewed as contrary to the teachings of the Church.[21][22]. Les dommages envers le patrimoine artistique de la ville sont incalculables et environ 40 000 habitants périssent pendant le sac de la ville. Fin 1527, le chiffre de la population est divisé par cinq. The troops defending Rome were not at all numerous, consisting of 8,000 militiamen led by Renzo di Ceri including 2,000 Papal Swiss Guard and 2,000 of Giovanni de' Medici's Bande Nere. Le 5 mai 1527, une armée impériale composée dâEspagnols, de Flamands, dâItaliens et dâAllemands campe devant Rome. Il sacco di Roma del 1527. He was followed by peasants from his fiefs, who had come to avenge the sacks they had suffered at the hands of the papal armies. In 1545, eleven years after Clement's death, his successor Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent. Ces derniers vont venger leur chef en mettant la Ville éternelle à sac. Celui rassemble ses troupes et les lâche sur la ville le 20 septembre. Jacopo Buonaparte: Sac de Rome. Mais la défection d’un amiral génois met la France dans une fâcheuse position. [5][a] After three days of ravages, Philibert ordered the sack to cease, but few obeyed. Recherche (en) Judith Hook, The Sack of Rome: 1527, Palgrave MacMillan, 2004 (ISBN 9780230628779, lire en ligne) Augustin Redondo, Le Discours sur le [15], A power shift â away from the Pope, toward the Emperor â also produced lasting consequences for Catholicism. Apart from some 6,000 Spaniards under the Duke, the army included some 14,000 Landsknechte under Georg von Frundsberg, some Italian infantry led by Fabrizio Maramaldo, the powerful Italian cardinal Pompeo Colonna and Luigi Gonzaga, and also some cavalry under the command of Ferdinando Gonzaga and Philibert, Prince of Orange. Charles de Bourbon est à la tête de ses troupes lors de l’assaut mais se fait mortellement blessé par un coup d’arquebuse quand il arrive en haut des remparts. Mais les impériaux vont également perdre beaucoup de troupes pendant leur occupation de la cité. Often cited as the end of the Italian High Renaissance, the Sack of Rome impacted the histories of Europe, Italy, and Catholicism, creating lasting ripple effects throughout world culture and politics. 1527 est une date aussi importante pour l'Italie que la Saint-Barthélémy (1572) pour la France. Eradication of the Church under Stalinism, Persecution of Christians in the modern era, Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany, arrest and assassination of Ngô Äình Diá»m, Polish anti-religious campaign 1945â1990, Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, 2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka, List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/wars-and-battles/sack-rome, https://dailyhistory.org/Did_the_Sack_of_Rome_in_1527_end_the_Renaissance_in_Italy%3F, "The Italian Monarchist: A Case for Italian Unification", https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/roman-catholic-popes-and-antipopes/clement-vii, "Spanish Inquisition | Definition, History, & Facts", "The Mad Monarchist: Papal Profile: Pope Clement VII", https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/clemente-vii_(Enciclopedia-dei-Papi)/, "May 6 & the Swiss Guard Induction Ceremony | Papal Artifacts", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Rome_(1527)&oldid=1007730077, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2018, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2018, Articles with incomplete citations from March 2016, Articles with dead external links from July 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / ÑÑпÑкоÑ
ÑваÑÑки, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 1,000â4,000 killed. [11] The city's population dropped from over 55,000 before the attack to 10,000 afterward. Une autre raison, discutée par les historiens, pointent également la haine des troupes impériales luthériennes envers la ville centrale du chef de la religion catholique. [1] The sack debilitated the League of Cognac, an alliance formed by France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy against Charles V. Pope Clement VII took refuge in Castel Sant' Angelo after the Swiss Guard were annihilated in a delaying rearguard action, where he remained until a ransom was paid to the pillagers. La paix de Cambrai, ou paix des Dames, signée le 3 août 1529 clôture définitivement la septième guerre d’Italie entre la France et Charles Quint qui est alors au zénith de sa puissance. Churches and monasteries, as well as the palaces of prelates and cardinals, were looted and destroyed. Their captain, Kaspar Röist, was wounded and later sought refuge in his house, where he was killed by Spanish soldiers in front of his wife. Pour le sac de Rome et la prison du pape, voir livre 18, chapitres 8 à 14. Gavinana De Plundering van Rome (algemeen bekend als Il Sacco di Roma) was een gebeurtenis waaraan Rome ten prooi viel op 6 mei 1527 en de volgende dagen. Pour le sac de Rome et la prison du pape, voir livre 18, chapitres 8 à 14. In an effort to resist the influence of the Habsburg dynasty, Clement VII formed an alliance with Charles V's arch-enemy, King Francis I of France, which came to be known as the League of Cognac. L’Empereur décide alors d’une action militaire directe pour l’Etat Pontifical et envoie Charles de Bourbon à la tête d’une armée. L’esprit de Charles Quint, empereur du Saint Empire Romain Germanique et roi d’Espagne, est à la fête en cette fin mai 1527. The Renaissance. (mai 1527) Conquête et pillage de Rome, accomplis par les troupes impériales de Charles Quint menées par le connétable de Bourbon, à la suite de l'engagement du pape Clément VII contre l'empereur aux côtés du roi de France François I er. An estimated 6,000 to 12,000 people were murdered. Duke Charles was fatally wounded in the assault, allegedly shot by Benvenuto Cellini. Clément VII ne doit sa survie qu’au sacrifice héroïque de 147 des 189 gardes suisses qui assurent sa garde rapprochée. On 6 May, the imperial army attacked the walls at the Gianicolo and Vatican Hills. On 8 May, Cardinal Pompeo Colonna, a personal enemy of Clement VII, entered the city. Afterward, he no longer had the ability to do so, lacking the military and financial resources. Charles opposed this because his armies and treasury were occupied in fighting other wars. Son armée est décimée par les maladies et elle capitule le 15 août 1528 à Caserte. Le ghetto de Rome est mis à sac. Elle prend rapidement Rome et le Vatican. Durant, Will. Maria Ludovica Lenzi. Sack of Rome, (6 May 1527). Before the Sack, Charles and Clement disagreed over how to address Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, which was spreading throughout Germany. [17][18][19][20] Cumulatively, these actions changed the complexion of the Church, steering it away from Renaissance freethought personified by the Medici Popes, toward the religious orthodoxy exemplified by the Counterreformation. Témoin oculaire, kiadó Napoléon Louis Bonaparte, Firenze, 1850 (franciául) Luigi Guicciardini: Historia del sacco di Roma [The Sack of Rome], (olaszul) Le sac de Rome, 1527 : du premier maniérisme à la Contre-Réforme André Chastel ï¼Bibliothèque illustrée des histoiresï¼ Gallimard, c1984 The sack debilitated the League of Cognac, an alliance formed by France, Milan, As Charles predicted, it reformed the corruption present in certain orders of the Catholic Church. On 6 June, Clement VII surrendered, and agreed to pay a ransom of 400,000 ducati in exchange for his life; conditions included the cession of Parma, Piacenza, Civitavecchia and Modena to the Holy Roman Empire (however, only the last would change hands). Firenze: La Nuova Italia, 1978. Le sac de Rome, 1527 : du premier maniérisme à la contre-réforme The sack of Rome, 1527 ãã¼ãå«æ : 1527å¹´èé½ã®æ²å|ãã¼ã ã´ã¦ãªã£ã¯ : 1527ãã³ ã»ã¤ã ã ãã²ã 主é¡: ãã¼ã--æ´å² åé¡ã»ä»¶å: NDC8 : 237.05 NDC9 : 237.05 2001 pp57. Charles de Bourbon quitte Arezzo le 20 avril 1527. Echouant à ramener le Pape dans son camp, l’empereur fomente une révolte contre lui avec le cardial Pompeo Colonna. Diálogo de las cosas acaecidas en Roma (1992) Il Sacco di Roma (1986) Le Sac de Rome (1984) Sac de Rome au temps du pape Clément VII de Médicis, en 1527, par Jacques Buonaparte, gentilhomme de San Miniato. La paix entre le Pape et l’Empereur est signée le 29 avril 1529. In commemoration of the Swiss Guard's bravery in defending Pope Clement VII during the Sack of Rome, recruits to the Swiss Guard are sworn in on 6 May every year. Cependant, dès que Colonna quitte Rome pour Naples, Clément VII rompt le traité signé avec Charles Quint et appelle la France à son secours. Les églises sont [â¦] In this way, the largely undisciplined troops sacked Acquapendente and San Lorenzo alle Grotte, and occupied Viterbo and Ronciglione, reaching the walls of Rome on 5 May. The Vatican Library was saved because Philibert had set up his headquarters there. He did not convene the Council of Trent during his lifetime, fearing that the event would be a dangerous powerplay, and perhaps even a death-trap. Privé de son chef, l’armée impériale n’a plus de retenue. The city's fortifications included the massive walls, and it possessed a good artillery force, which the [â¦] sac systématique par les troupes de Robert Guiscard (voir lâarticle sur ce Blog sur un autre Sac de Rome, celui de 1527) qui vont sâenivrer de tueries et de pillages pendant trois longues journées. 6 mai, septième guerre d'Italie : sac de Rome par les armées de Charles Quint commandées par le duc de Bourbon, qui est tué. [14] The city did not recover its population losses until approximately 1560. Le secrétaire Juan Perez lui écrivait de Rome, dès le 26 janvier 1527, que le bruit courait que le vice- roi disait aux The Duke was wearing his famous white cloak to mark him out to his troops, but it also had the unintended consequence of pointing him out as the leader to his enemies. The troops defending Rome were not at all numerous, consisting of 5,000 militiamen led by Renzo da Ceri and 189[3] papal Swiss Guard. Philibert of Châlon took command of the armies, but he was not as popular or feared, leaving him with little authority. Près de la moitié des 35 000 soldats impériaux mourront de la peste causée par le carnage. En face, seuls 5 000 hommes défendent la ville mais ils sont dotés de plusieurs canons contrairement aux attaquants. Son premier fils et héritier, le futur Philippe II dâEspagne, vient de naitre. Écrit en 1527 par Jacques Bonaparte. Gouwens, Kenneth; Reiss, Sheryl E. (2005). La ville est pillée pendant un mois (fin le 6 juin). Assiégé au sein de sa propre ville, le Pape est contraint de quitte la Ligue et son alliance avec la France. Un sacrifice célébré par Sabaton dans The Last Stand et c’est ce jour là que, chaque année, a lieu le « serment des recrues » où tous les gardes pontificaux jurent de défendre le Pape. The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, on 6 May 1527 was carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac. Even pro-imperial cardinals had to pay to save their properties from the rampaging soldiers. 1953. Victory over the French at Pavia in 1525 left the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, dominant in Italy. The city's fortifications included the massive walls, and it possessed a good artillery force, which the imperial army lacked. Francesco Maria della Rovere and Michele Antonio of Saluzzo arrived with troops on 1 June in Monterosi, north of the city. Many Imperial soldiers also died in the aftermath, largely from diseases caused by masses of unburied corpses in the streets. Après 6 mois dans le château Saint-Ange, le Pape capitule auprès des troupes de Charles Quint et part pour Orvieto en décembre 1527. C’est alors qu’arrive des nouvelles d’Italie. Et il Pillaging finally ended in February 1528, eight months after the initial attack, when the city's food supply ran out, there was no one left to ransom, and plague appeared. Les deux s’allieront même pour remettre un Médicis à Florence (le Pape Clément VII étant lui-même de la famille des Médicis) en renversant la République. LE SAC DE ROME.